1960s Research

 

1960s Research:

Makeup became more diverse in the 1960s, women started to develop their own style rather than everyone following 1 trend. Makeup ranged from natural makeup to the bold black and white eyes, mods and rockers also affected the fashion of the decade.

Although looks varied, there was still some similar aspects across all styles. Popular rouge colours were coral, peach, and pink, however, different shades of red were also available. It had a matte finish, and it was sold in various formulas including cream, liquid, cake, and powder. Rouge was used to create a natural, healthy glow to the face while also adding subtle definition so it was applied to the cheeks, temples, the hairline and under the jaw (Hair and Makeup Artist Handbook, 2012).

Foundation was sold in liquid, cream, and powder form with each giving a different level of coverage from sheer to full and the foundation was matched to the skin tone as much as possible. Foundation became a lot more natural than in previous decades and a more sheer coverage was desired which means that the skin could be seen more, and a natural dewy finish was fashionable (Hair and Makeup Artist Handbook, 2012).

Reds, pinks, and browns were fashionable lipstick colours at the start of the decade, however, Corals, pastel pinks, peach, and beige-pink nudes were the most popular throughout the whole decade. Lipsticks were mostly sold matte, however, Vaseline or products such as Yardley’s Lip Slickers added a sheen to the lips, Max Factor also released a product called Moon Drops which helped achieve this before he released his UltraLucent Creme lipstick in 1965. Lipstick was shaped like a bullet and long skinny packaging was fashionable, the products that were added on top of the lipsticks also meant that they had more of a pastel appearance (Hair and Makeup Artist Handbook, 2012).

Yardley lip colours (1967)

Max Factor lipstick colour chart (1962) 

Eyebrows were groomed, shaped and defined using an eyebrow pencil, however, the thickness and intensity depended on the subculture you were apart of, for example, people who were part of the hippie subculture often wouldn’t pencil in their eyebrows and they would leave them very natural. Eyebrows ranged from a more natural look which was worn by people like Twiggy to more defined, intense eyebrows which was work by people such as Liz Taylor (Hair and Makeup Artist Handbook, 2012).

Powder eyeshadows were matte, but an iridescent or pearlescent finish could be achieved by using cream, crayon, or liquid eyeshadows. Brands often tried to match the eyeshadow colour to the eye colour which means that “green and blue-green eyeshadow was for green and hazel eyes. Blue eyeshadow was for blue and grey eyes. Greys, beige and brown eyeshadow was for grey and brown eyes” (Hair and Makeup Artist Handbook, 2012). 

Typical 1960s eyeshadow colours - taken from brands colour charts.

The mod eye makeup look was a distinctive black line in the crease of the eye with a pale colour on the lid, this was often white, however, colours such as pastel blues and greens were also used. The fashionable look was to keep this line sharp and defined but it would be slightly blended to create a more wearable look that could be worn every day (Hair and Makeup Artist Handbook, 2012). 

Mod high-fashion eye makeup ideas from Yardley advert (1967).

Regarding eyeliner, trends from the 1950s carried on into the early 1960s and in 1967 there was a trend to wear a line of white eyeliner behind the black eyeliner on the upper lashes, eyeliner could also be used to hide the band of false lashes or to paint on bottom lashes. Eyeliner came in formulas including pencil, cake, and liquid which all came in a variety of colours (Hair and Makeup Artist Handbook, 2012). 

Showing early 1960s eyeliner fashions with the harder-edged socket crease (from a Dorothy Gray leaflet, c.1963).

Mascara was now being used to lengthen the lashes while colouring and curling them, it was sold in various forms including cream which was sold in a tube and cake mascara was still being used. Some mascaras were waterproof, others were not but mascara was sold in a variety of colours (Hair and Makeup Artist Handbook, 2012).

False eyelashes were very fashionable during the 1960s, it was normal for women to wear them every day and some would even wear more than 1 pair. Strip lashes and individual lashes were worn on the upper and lower lash line, “lashes were made from human hair, synthetics and animal hair like sable, mink, and seal” (Hair and Makeup Artist Handbook, 2012). Colours available were mainly black or brown, however, other colours were available and some women would also add rhinestones or glitter to them (Hair and Makeup Artist Handbook, 2012).

Twiggy and that 60s mod look - a dark defined crease line, false eyelashes and painted bottom lashes.

There was also lots of short-lived trends during the 1960s which include: (Hair and Makeup Artist Handbook, 2012):

  • ·         “1961 – The uplifted lip, where the outer corners of the mouth are over-painted with lipstick in an upward turn.”

  • ·         “1962 – The Egyptian look with heavily-lined eyes and brows in black pencil. Lips were bold and Nile-green was the eyeshadow colour.”

  • ·         “1964 – The exotic look, with theatrically-painted eyes. Designs included butterflies and flowers.”

  • ·         “1967 – The Harper’s Bazaar look, where eyes were over-accentuated with false eyelashes, both painted and stuck on.”

  • ·         “1969 – the fad for painting on freckles and creating polka dots with eyeshadow on the eyelids.”

There were many different influences on makeup and fashion and TV shows, magazine articles, and music were the main factors that affected fashion. Film stars such as Liz Taylor had a huge impact on the fashion, her makeup in Cleopatra (1963) demonstrated how to mix current and historic trends and this started the “Cleopatra” trend during the 60s.

All about the eyes! (Left to Right): Brigitte Bardot with flicks; Mod girl Edie Sedgwick; Screen beauties Elizabeth Taylor and Sophia Loren.

Music was extremely popular, and it had a huge influence on the makeup, television helped this by releasing “new music shows like Ready Steady Go! (first aired in 1963) and Top of The Pops (first aired in 1964), where the viewer could see their favourite artists and follow their styles” (Hair and Makeup Artist Handbook, 2012).

Fashion designer Mary Quant released her own makeup brand, which like her clothing, was aimed at young people. The packaging “featured the Quant daisy logo. Products were affordable and came with little “how to” instruction leaflets” (Hair and Makeup Artist Handbook, 2012). 

Cheeky advertising was the mark of Mary Quant makeup, along with cool colour options and simple packaging (Vogue, June 1968).

Yardley also released a colourful range of products and they used British models such as Jean Shrimpton and Twiggy as its poster girls which influenced women worldwide.

Twiggy was the face of Yardley, all part of the "London Look"

Yardley advert with top model Jean Shrimpton, who was the face of the brand for a few years.

“Heated Carmen Rollers were available from 1965, making it easier to set/curl the hair at home instead of going to the hairdressers” (Hair and Makeup Artist Handbook, 2012).

A popular hairstyle was the bouffant which involved heat setting the hair to create lots of volume then smoothing the top of the hair and holding it in place using a hair lacquer (Hair and Makeup Artist Handbook, 2012).

The bouffant - lacquered within an inch of its life!

The beehive was another popular hairstyle which involved backcombing the hair to create lots of volume then moulding the hair to create a hive shape (Hair and Makeup Artist Handbook, 2012).

American singing group The Ronettes, comprised of Estelle Bennett, Veronica Bennett, and Nedra Talley. (Photo by Hulton Archive/Getty Images c.1965)

Pixie cuts were very popular, they required a lot less maintenance and they were worn by celebrities such as fashion designer Mary Quant and actress Nancy Kwan (Hair and Makeup Artist Handbook, 2012).

Vidal Sassoon working on his iconic angular hairstyle of the '60s, as worn here by Mary Quant.

The flick up was the most popular hairstyle of the 1960s, it consisted of a medium or short length bob with flicked up edges (Hair and Makeup Artist Handbook, 2012).

The flicked-up bob

During the beginning of the 1960s, hair was not left just left down without styling, hair was worn sleek with a little bit of a lift which was often achieved by backcombing around the crown of the head. Hair could be born with or without a fringe and often was parted down the centre, however, towards the end of the decade with the influence of hippie culture, hair could be worn more natural (Hair and Makeup Artist Handbook, 2012).

Cher with straight, long hair and long fringe.

Popular hair accessories included bows, combs, slides, headscarves, feathers, flowers, wigs, and hair pieces (Hair and Makeup Artist Handbook, 2012). 

(Left to Right): Jean Shrimpton; A scarf from a sewing pattern; And a babushka scarf.

Hair colouring started to become more popular due to improved off-the-shelf kits and new techniques “like “frosting”, which is the bleaching of small strands of top hair all over the head” (Hair and Makeup Artist Handbook, 2012).

There were hundreds of serial killers active in the 1960s, Charles Manson was one of these; he was a cult leader, and he created the ‘Manson Family.’ This consisted of roughly 100 followers of Manson and it involved a group of young impressionable girls, Manson believed he was Jesus and he had prophecies of a race war, the members of the cult shared a habitual use of hallucinogenic drugs, such as LSD and magic mushrooms (Biography, 2014).

The Family was responsible for roughly 35 murders; however, many cases were not tried due to lack of evidence, Manson was never physically involved in any murders, but he was always the one to give the order. Steven Parent was the first victim, and he was shot to death, Tate, Frykowski, Folgers and Sebring were then taken into the living room and tied up. “Sebring was shot and brutally kicked as he tried to defend Tate” (Biography, 2014) but Frykowski and Folger managed to escape, however, they were quickly caught and stabbed to death. Frykowski was stabbed repeatedly and Folger was stabbed 28 times, Tate was 8 months pregnant and she was stabbed in the stomach and told "Look, bitch, I have no mercy for you. You're going to die, and you'd better get used to it” before being stabbed, her blood was then used to write the word pig on the front door. The next night, Manson had taken another 3 Family members to the address of the LaBiancas and they were brutally murdered in a similar way. During the trial, another member of the Family admitted that there were other celebrities on the list including Elizabeth Taylor and husband Richard Burton, Frank Sinatra, Steve McQueen, and Tom Jones (Biography, 2014). 

Manson Family victim Sharon Tate, 1965. Photo: Screen Collection/Getty Images

Ian Brady and Myra Hindley are 2 of the most infamous killers in history, given the name the “Moor Murderers” and their span of crimes was 1963-1965. Ian Brady had very strong political views and urged Myra to read works by Hitler, he was her first love and soon she was completely under his control. In July 1963, 16-year-old Pauline Reade was kidnapped by Hindley and then they met with Brady and Reade was raped, beaten, and stabbed before being buried, 4 months later 12-year-old John Kilbride disappeared and was never seen again. In June 1964, 12-year-old Keith Bennett disappeared, and he was then raped and strangled before being buried on Saddleworth Moor, his body still has not been found. On Boxing Day in 1964, 10-year-old Lesley Ann Downey disappeared, in October 1965 Hindley’s brother-in-law went to the police after arriving at their home and witnessing Brady killing 17-year-old Edward Evans with an axe, he had also been strangled with an electrical cord. They laughed about the mess and they told David about other victims buried on the moors and David was scared of becoming their next victim so he helped them clean the house before going home and telling his wife and informing the police (Biography, 2014). 


Jerome Brudos was an American serial killer and necrophile who murdered 4 women and he was given the names “The Lust Killer" and "The Shoe Fetish Slayer.” In January 1968, Linda Slawson went to sell encyclopedias and he later admitting to beating then strangling her, he kept her body and would dress her up and he removed her feet so that he could put them in high-heels then he dumped the body. Later that year he killed Jan Whitney by strangling her in his car before having sex with her body, he then dressed up her body and took photographs before removing her breasts. In 1969 he abducted 19-year-old Karen Sprinker and kidnapped her before sexually assaulting her and strangling her, he also removed her breasts and disposed of the body in the river. His final victim was 22-year-old Linda Salee and she was also assaulted then strangled and her body was placed in the river along with the others (Biography, 2017).

Vaughn Orrin Greenwood was another famous killer of the 1960s, he was given the name the “Skid Row Slasher" and he was suspected of killing 13 people. He killed 11 alcoholics and their bodies were found with cut throats, salt around their bodies and cups of blood, their shoes were removed and placed pointing towards the body (Murderpedia, No Date).

Edmund Kemper is a serial killer who killed at least 6 women, in 1964 at age 15 he shot his grandmother with a rifle after an argument, he then shot his grandfather and hid the body. He than rang his mother and she told him to go to the police, he told them that he shot his grandmother to see what it felt like and shot his grandfather to prevent him finding out that his wife was dead, he was then diagnosed with paranoid schizophrenia. After being released prison in 1969, he moved away then his killings continued into the 1970s (Biography, 2017).

Edmund Kemper's mugshot Photo: Getty Images

Bibliography:

Hair and Makeup Artist Handbook (2012) Women’s 1960s Makeup: An Overview Available at: https://hair-and-makeup-artist.com/womens-1960s-makeup/ (Accessed: 12th November 2020)

Hair and Makeup Artist Handbook (2012) Women’s 1960s Hairstyles: An Overview Available at: https://hair-and-makeup-artist.com/womens-1960s-hairstyles/ (Accessed: 12th November 2020)  

Biography (2014) Charles Manson Available at: https://www.biography.com/crime-figure/charles-manson (Accessed: 15th November 2020)

Biography (2014) Ian Brady Available at: https://www.biography.com/crime-figure/ian-brady (Accessed: 15th November 2020)

Biography (2017) Jerome Brudos Available at: https://www.biography.com/crime-figure/jerome-brudos (Accessed: 15th November 2020)

Murderpedia (No Date) Vaughn Orrin Greenwood Available at:  https://murderpedia.org/male.G/g/greenwood-vaughn.htm (Accessed: 15th November 2020)

Biography (2017) Edmund Kemper Available at: https://www.biography.com/crime-figure/edmund-kemper (Accessed: 15th November 2020) 

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